| Students can describe the composition and structure of RNA and the RNA classes (K2). They understand the processes of transcription and translation (K3), RNA processing (K2), gene expression (K2) and epigenetics (K1). They know the mechanisms, effects and differences of gene mutations, polymorphisms and somatic and germline mutations (K3). Students understand the biological basis of cells and the differences between prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses (K3). They can explain the structure and function of the cell nucleus and organelles (K3). They understand mobility and know the structure of the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane (K2). They can describe the membrane transport mechanisms and chemical communication within and between cells (K2). They are able to explain the functions of cell division and cell growth (K3) and understand the topics of stem cells, apoptosis, necrosis and cancer (K2). Students understand the cell biology assays and can describe the different cell connections (K2). They are able to describe cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (K2). Current laboratory methods and new technologies are learnt and discussed (K2).
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Organisation and structure of RNA; RNA classes; transcription and translation; the genetic code; RNA processing (capping, splicing, polyadenylation, RNA editing); gene expression; epigenetics; gene mutations; polymorphisms; somatic and germline mutations. Cell (composition, structure, function); prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses; nucleus (structure and function, 3D organisation of the genome, nuclear pores); organelles (structure and function of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes/peroxisomes, cytosol); mobility and cytoskeleton (structure and function of microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments); plasma membrane (structure and function of lipid bilayer, membrane proteins and polysaccharides, channel proteins, excitation conduction); membrane transport mechanisms (exocytosis/endocytosis); chemical communication within or between cells; cell division (mitosis, meiosis, recombination); cell growth; stem cells; apoptosis; necrosis; cancer; cell biological assays; cell connections (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions); cell adhesion; extracellular matrix; Laboratory methods and new technologies (staining methods, FACS, Southern blot, Northern blot, Western blot, PCR, DNA fingerprinting, Sanger sequencing, databases, genetic engineering, gene therapy, CRISPR/Cas method, next generation sequencing).
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